Environmental Product Declaration
Carbothane 133MC
by Carboline
Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) for Carbothane 133MC, manufactured by Carboline. Declaration SmartEPD-2024-017-0103-01, prepared according to PCR for Architectural Coatings, valid until March 28, 2029.
- Functional unit
- 1 m2 of covered and protected substrate for 60 years of product
- Valid until
- March 28, 2029
- PCR
- Architectural Coatings
Declaration details
- Manufacturer
- Carboline
- Program operator
- Smart EPD
- Declaration number
- SmartEPD-2024-017-0103-01
- Date of issue
- March 28, 2024
- Valid until
- March 28, 2029
- Product category rules (PCR)
- PCR for Architectural Coatings (version 1)
- Standard
- ISO 14025:2006 and ISO 21930:2007
- Functional unit
- 1 m2 of covered and protected substrate for 60 years of product
- System boundary
- Cradle to grave (A1 - A3, A4, A5, B1 - B7, C1 - C4)
- Product specificity
- Product Specific
- Manufacturing plant
- Carboline - Dayton, NV (95 E Airpark Vista Blvd, Dayton, NV 89403, USA)
- Product category
- Finishes › PaintingAndCoating
- Product SKU
- 0868WITE90RD, 0868WITEARUD, 08560908BDPD
- Product service life
- 10 years
- Verifier
- Anna Lasso, Smart EPD
- LCA software
- SimaPro 9.5
- Program instructions
- Smart EPD General Program Instructions v.1.0, November 2022
Life cycle assessment results
Results per 1 m2 of covered and protected substrate for 60 years of product.
Environmental Impact Assessment Results
| Indicator | Unit | A1 | A2 | A3 | A1-A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ODP | kg CFC 11 eq | 2.11e-7 | 4.52e-9 | 2.68e-9 | 2.18e-7 | 3.76e-9 | 0 | 1.24e-11 | 0 | 0 | 1.11e-6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.59e-10 | 3.75e-9 | 6.28e-10 |
| AP | kg SO2 eq | 5.00e-3 | 1.83e-3 | 3.10e-4 | 7.14e-3 | 1.22e-3 | 0 | 4.92e-6 | 0 | 0 | 4.18e-2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5.18e-5 | 3.59e-4 | 2.60e-4 |
| EP | kg N eq | 1.73e-3 | 1.36e-4 | 6.60e-5 | 1.93e-3 | 1.03e-4 | 0 | 3.28e-5 | 0 | 0 | 1.04e-2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4.36e-6 | 3.38e-5 | 2.07e-3 |
| POCP | kg O3 eq | 5.50e-2 | 4.81e-2 | 4.43e-3 | 1.08e-1 | 3.41e-2 | 0 | 8.70e-5 | 0 | 0 | 7.09e-1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.45e-3 | 4.73e-3 | 4.10e-3 |
| GWP-fossil | kg CO2 eq | 9.53e-1 | 2.75e-1 | 1.09e-1 | 1.34e+0 | 2.28e-1 | 0 | 1.47e-3 | 0 | 0 | 7.83e+0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9.67e-3 | 5.49e-1 | 8.33e-2 |
| GWP-total | kg CO2 eq | 1.01e+0 | 2.77e-1 | 1.16e-1 | 1.40e+0 | 2.29e-1 | 0 | 1.99e-2 | 0 | 0 | 8.28e+0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9.72e-3 | 5.49e-1 | 1.25e+0 |
| Indicator | Unit | A1 | A2 | A3 | A1-A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ODP | kg CFC 11 eq | 2.11e-7 | 4.52e-9 | 2.68e-9 | 2.18e-7 | 3.76e-9 | 0 | 1.24e-11 | 0 | 0 | 4.44e-7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7.97e-11 | 1.87e-9 | 3.14e-10 |
| AP | kg SO2 eq | 5.00e-3 | 1.83e-3 | 3.10e-4 | 7.14e-3 | 1.22e-3 | 0 | 4.92e-6 | 0 | 0 | 1.67e-2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2.59e-5 | 1.80e-4 | 1.30e-4 |
| EP | kg N eq | 1.73e-3 | 1.36e-4 | 6.60e-5 | 1.93e-3 | 1.03e-4 | 0 | 3.28e-5 | 0 | 0 | 4.14e-3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2.18e-6 | 1.69e-5 | 1.03e-3 |
| POCP | kg O3 eq | 5.50e-2 | 4.81e-2 | 4.43e-3 | 1.08e-1 | 3.41e-2 | 0 | 8.70e-5 | 0 | 0 | 2.83e-1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7.25e-4 | 2.37e-3 | 2.05e-3 |
| GWP-fossil | kg CO2 eq | 9.53e-1 | 2.75e-1 | 1.09e-1 | 1.34e+0 | 2.28e-1 | 0 | 1.47e-3 | 0 | 0 | 3.13e+0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4.83e-3 | 2.74e-1 | 4.16e-2 |
| GWP-total | kg CO2 eq | 1.01e+0 | 2.77e-1 | 1.16e-1 | 1.40e+0 | 2.29e-1 | 0 | 1.99e-2 | 0 | 0 | 3.31e+0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4.86e-3 | 2.74e-1 | 6.23e-1 |
Resource Use Indicators
| Indicator | Unit | A1 | A2 | A3 | A1-A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PERE | MJ, net calorific value | 5.12e-1 | 3.64e-2 | 6.77e-2 | 6.16e-1 | 2.93e-2 | 0 | 3.40e-4 | 0 | 0 | 3.23e+0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.24e-3 | 1.15e-2 | 2.03e-2 |
| PERM | MJ, net calorific value | 6.42e-1 | 1.48e-2 | 1.62e-2 | 6.73e-1 | 1.14e-2 | 0 | 7.42e-5 | 0 | 0 | 3.42e+0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4.86e-4 | 2.93e-3 | 4.22e-3 |
| PERT | MJ, net calorific value | 1.15e+0 | 5.12e-2 | 8.40e-2 | 1.29e+0 | 4.08e-2 | 0 | 4.15e-4 | 0 | 0 | 6.65e+0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.73e-3 | 1.44e-2 | 2.45e-2 |
| PENRE | MJ, net calorific value | 1.66e+1 | 3.83e+0 | 1.69e+0 | 2.21e+1 | 3.22e+0 | 0 | 1.03e-2 | 0 | 0 | 1.27e+2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.37e-1 | 2.46e+0 | 5.20e-1 |
| PENRM | MJ, net calorific value | 6.59e-4 | 5.95e-5 | 4.63e-5 | 7.65e-4 | 4.67e-5 | 0 | 6.80e-7 | 0 | 0 | 4.06e-3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.97e-6 | 9.55e-6 | 4.10e-5 |
| PENRT | MJ, net calorific value | 1.66e+1 | 3.83e+0 | 1.69e+0 | 2.21e+1 | 3.22e+0 | 0 | 1.03e-2 | 0 | 0 | 1.27e+2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.37e-1 | 2.46e+0 | 5.20e-1 |
| ADPF | MJ, net calorific value | 1.92e+0 | 5.36e-1 | 1.95e-1 | 2.65e+0 | 4.51e-1 | 0 | 1.26e-3 | 0 | 0 | 1.55e+1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.92e-2 | 3.66e-1 | 6.11e-2 |
| SM | kg | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| RSF | MJ, net calorific value | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| NRSF | MJ, net calorific value | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| RE | MJ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| FW | m3 | 2.67e-2 | 4.36e-4 | 3.77e-4 | 2.75e-2 | 3.63e-4 | 0 | 7.53e-6 | 0 | 0 | 1.40e-1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.54e-5 | 2.43e-4 | 4.61e-4 |
| Indicator | Unit | A1 | A2 | A3 | A1-A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PERE | MJ, net calorific value | 5.12e-1 | 3.64e-2 | 6.77e-2 | 6.16e-1 | 2.93e-2 | 0 | 3.40e-4 | 0 | 0 | 1.29e+0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6.22e-4 | 5.75e-3 | 1.01e-2 |
| PERM | MJ, net calorific value | 6.42e-1 | 1.48e-2 | 1.62e-2 | 6.73e-1 | 1.14e-2 | 0 | 7.42e-5 | 0 | 0 | 1.37e+0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2.43e-4 | 1.47e-3 | 2.11e-3 |
| PERT | MJ, net calorific value | 1.15e+0 | 5.12e-2 | 8.40e-2 | 1.29e+0 | 4.08e-2 | 0 | 4.15e-4 | 0 | 0 | 2.66e+0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8.65e-4 | 7.22e-3 | 1.23e-2 |
| PENRE | MJ, net calorific value | 1.66e+1 | 3.83e+0 | 1.69e+0 | 2.21e+1 | 3.22e+0 | 0 | 1.03e-2 | 0 | 0 | 5.08e+1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6.83e-2 | 1.23e+0 | 2.60e-1 |
| PENRM | MJ, net calorific value | 6.59e-4 | 5.95e-5 | 4.63e-5 | 7.65e-4 | 4.67e-5 | 0 | 6.80e-7 | 0 | 0 | 1.62e-3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9.84e-7 | 4.78e-6 | 2.05e-5 |
| PENRT | MJ, net calorific value | 1.66e+1 | 3.83e+0 | 1.69e+0 | 2.21e+1 | 3.22e+0 | 0 | 1.03e-2 | 0 | 0 | 5.08e+1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6.83e-2 | 1.23e+0 | 2.60e-1 |
| ADPF | MJ, net calorific value | 1.92e+0 | 5.36e-1 | 1.95e-1 | 2.65e+0 | 4.51e-1 | 0 | 1.26e-3 | 0 | 0 | 6.20e+0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9.58e-3 | 1.83e-1 | 3.06e-2 |
| SM | kg | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| RSF | MJ, net calorific value | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| NRSF | MJ, net calorific value | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| RE | MJ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| FW | m3 | 2.67e-2 | 4.36e-4 | 3.77e-4 | 2.75e-2 | 3.63e-4 | 0 | 7.53e-6 | 0 | 0 | 5.59e-2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7.70e-6 | 1.21e-4 | 2.30e-4 |
Waste and Output Flow Indicators
| Indicator | Unit | A1 | A2 | A3 | A1-A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HWD | kg | 3.60e-4 | 9.14e-5 | 3.61e-3 | 4.06e-3 | 8.02e-5 | 0 | 1.83e-5 | 0 | 0 | 2.08e-2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3.41e-6 | 5.47e-5 | 1.15e-3 |
| NHWD | kg | 1.76e-1 | 1.68e-1 | 3.12e-2 | 3.75e-1 | 1.55e-1 | 0 | 2.42e-2 | 0 | 0 | 2.77e+0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6.57e-3 | 1.33e-2 | 1.52e+0 |
| RWD | kg | 8.59e-6 | 8.02e-7 | 7.89e-7 | 1.02e-5 | 6.49e-7 | 0 | 7.82e-9 | 0 | 0 | 5.42e-5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2.75e-8 | 2.41e-7 | 4.68e-7 |
| CRU | kg | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MFR | kg | 0 | 0 | 3.09e-3 | 3.09e-3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.54e-2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MER | kg | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| EEE | MJ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| EET | MJ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Indicator | Unit | A1 | A2 | A3 | A1-A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HWD | kg | 3.60e-4 | 9.14e-5 | 3.61e-3 | 4.06e-3 | 8.02e-5 | 0 | 1.83e-5 | 0 | 0 | 8.33e-3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.70e-6 | 2.73e-5 | 5.77e-4 |
| NHWD | kg | 1.76e-1 | 1.68e-1 | 3.12e-2 | 3.75e-1 | 1.55e-1 | 0 | 2.42e-2 | 0 | 0 | 1.11e+0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3.29e-3 | 6.66e-3 | 7.60e-1 |
| RWD | kg | 8.59e-6 | 8.02e-7 | 7.89e-7 | 1.02e-5 | 6.49e-7 | 0 | 7.82e-9 | 0 | 0 | 2.17e-5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.38e-8 | 1.20e-7 | 2.34e-7 |
| CRU | kg | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MFR | kg | 0 | 0 | 3.09e-3 | 3.09e-3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6.17e-3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MER | kg | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| EEE | MJ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| EET | MJ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Carbon Emissions and Removals
| Indicator | Unit | A1 | A2 | A3 | A1-A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BCRP | kg CO2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| BCEP | kg CO2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| BCRK | kg CO2 | -1.95e-3 | 0 | 0 | -1.95e-3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -9.74e-3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| BCEK | kg CO2 | 0 | 0 | 1.95e-3 | 1.95e-3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9.74e-3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| BCEW | kg CO2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| CCE | kg CO2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| CCR | kg CO2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| CWNR | kg CO2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Indicator | Unit | A1 | A2 | A3 | A1-A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BCRP | kg CO2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| BCEP | kg CO2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| BCRK | kg CO2 | -1.95e-3 | 0 | 0 | -1.95e-3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -3.90e-3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| BCEK | kg CO2 | 0 | 0 | 1.95e-3 | 1.95e-3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3.90e-3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| BCEW | kg CO2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| CCE | kg CO2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| CCR | kg CO2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| CWNR | kg CO2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
ND = not declared. Life cycle modules: A1-A3 product stage, A4-A5 construction process, B use stage, C end of life, D benefits and loads beyond the system boundary.
Material composition
| Material/Component Category | Origin | % Mass |
|---|---|---|
| Solvent | US | 15-30 |
| Additive | US | 20-40 |
| Hardener | US | 5-15 |
| Fillers | US | 25-45 |
| Packaging material | Origin | Mass (kg) |
|---|---|---|
| Steel Pail | US | 1.44E-01 |
| Biogenic carbon content | kg C per m2 of covered and protected substrate for 60 years |
|---|---|
| Biogenic carbon content in product | 0 |
| Biogenic carbon content in accompanying packaging | 0 |
Hazardous substances
Benzyl alcohol (CAS 100-51-6)
BISPHENOL A EPOXY RESIN (CAS 25068-38-6)
ALKYL GLYCIDYL ETHER (CAS 68609-97-2)
POLYAMIDE (CAS 68410-23-1)
Isophoronediamine (CAS 2855-13-2)
META-XYLENE (CAS 108-38-3)
2-PIPERAZIN-1- YLETHYLAMINE (CAS 140-31-8)
TRIS-2,4,6-(DIMETHYLAMINOMETHYL)PHENOL (CAS 90-72-2)
PARA-XYLENE (CAS 106-42-3)
ETHYL BENZENE (CAS 100-41-4)
ORTHO-XYLENE (CAS 95-47-6)
Epoxy phenol novolac resin (CAS 28064-14-4)
4-tert-Butylphenol (CAS 98-54-4)
Scenarios
Transport to the building site (A4)
- Fuel type
- Diesel
- Vehicle type
- Truck and Trailer
- Transport distance
- 3865 km
- Capacity utilization
- 33%
- Weight of products transported
- 1.514 kg
- Packaging mass
- 0.144 kg
End of life (C1-C4)
- Collected separately
- 0.151 kg
- Collected with mixed construction waste
- 1.363 kg
- Landfill
- 1.363 kg
- Incineration
- 0.151 kg
- Product or material for final disposal
- 1.514 kg
Product description
Carbothane 133 MC is a high solids, high build, weatherable coating that provides a tough attractive finish while exhibiting outstanding performance properties. It demonstrates extremely good resistance to abrasion, corrosion and chemical exposure when applied over recommended Carboline primers and/or intermediate coats.
Interpretation
Data was collected for 12 month periods spanning calendar years 2022 and 2023 to ensure the representativeness of business activities and post-consumer materials. Manufacturing data represents Carboline’s production facility in Green Bay, Wisconsin. Secondary data was obtained from ecoinvent v3.9.1, representing the most recent years available. The overall quality of the data used is considered representative of the product systems.
The system boundary is cradle to grave, excluding: construction of major capital equipment; research and development activities; point of sale infrastructure; coating applicator and its maintenance and operation; human labor and employee transport; raw material, forming, and disposal impacts from secondary/tertiary packaging; disposal of packaging materials not associated with final product; impacts associated with tool (mop) required for maintenance cleaning; building operational energy and water use; deconstruction and demolition.
Overall, the production and construction stages (modules A1-A4, 30% of total impact) combined with the replacement module of the use stage (B4, 50-65% of total impact), have the highest impact across all impact categories , followed by the end-of-life stage (C1-C4). Note that the B4 module includes the A1-A4 modules for each recoat required for the product’s lifetime. The upstream raw material phase (A1) is the primary contributor to all impact categories. This is largely due to the number of different raw material processes required to produce the product.
The construction phase (A4), includes the transportation of the product from manufacturing to the customer. The transportation miles from the point of sale to the application site (A4) account for low impacts across all impact categories.
The use phase includes maintenance cleaning and recoats of the product. The maintenance of the product provides marginal contribution to the overall impact categories. As mentioned above, the replacement module (B4) is the primary impact driver for all the products.
Waste disposal (C4) emerges as a major contributor to eutrophication and global warming. Waste processing (C3) significantly impacts carcinogenicity, ecotoxicity, and global warming. Waste transport (C2) exhibits relatively low overall impact.
LCIA results are relative expressions and do not predict impacts on category endpoints, the exceeding of thresholds, safety margins or risks. EPDs are comparable only when they follow the same PCR, functional unit and system boundary. The full EPD (PDF) contains the methodology, scenario assumptions and verification statement.