Smart EPD
LF25AUB-Z3 - Water Pressure Reducing Valve

Environmental Product Declaration

LF25AUB-Z3 - Water Pressure Reducing Valve

by Watts

Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) for LF25AUB-Z3 - Water Pressure Reducing Valve, manufactured by Watts. Declaration SmartEPD-2024-023-0169-01.1, prepared according to UL Part B: Kitchen and Bath Fixture Fittings and Accessory Products, valid until October 24, 2029.

Download the EPD (PDF)

Functional unit
1 unit of product 1 packaged product
Valid until
October 24, 2029
PCR
UL Part B: Kitchen and Bath Fixture Fittings and Accessory Products

Declaration details

Manufacturer
Watts
Program operator
Smart EPD
Declaration number
SmartEPD-2024-023-0169-01.1
Date of issue
October 24, 2024
Valid until
October 24, 2029
Product category rules (PCR)
UL Part B: Kitchen and Bath Fixture Fittings and Accessory Products (version 1)
Standard
ISO 14025:2006 and ISO 21930:2017
Functional unit
1 unit of product 1 packaged product
System boundary
Cradle to grave (A1 - A3, A4, A5, B1 - B7, C1 - C4)
Product specificity
Product Specific
Manufacturing specificity
Facility Specific
Manufacturing plant
Franklin Manufacturing Plant (583 S Main St, Franklin, NH 03235, USA)
Product category
Plumbing › PlumbingEquipment
Product SKU
009217, 0009257, 009309, 009392, 009431, 009465
Product service life
20 years
Verifier
Gaspard Philis, LCA.no
LCA software
SimaPro 9.5
Program instructions
Smart EPD General Program Instructions v.1.0, November 2022

Life cycle assessment results

Results per 1 unit of product 1 packaged product.

Environmental Impact Assessment Results

0.5 LF25AUB-Z3
IndicatorUnitA1-A3A4A5B1B2B3B4B5B6B7C1C2C3C4
GWP-totalkg CO2 eq1.92e+12.21e-11.02e-1003.44e-15.47e+100003.66e-202.68e-2
GWP-totalkg CO2 eq1.88e+12.18e-18.49e-2003.13e-15.37e+100003.61e-202.63e-2
ODPkg CFC 11 eq1.70e-53.65e-91.74e-10001.07e-84.77e-500006.05e-1004.44e-10
APkg SO2 eq2.70e-11.19e-36.26e-5008.94e-47.60e-100001.96e-401.88e-4
EP-fwkg N eq2.08e-12.25e-44.61e-4001.49e-35.83e-100003.73e-506.23e-5
POCPkg O3 eq1.51e+03.32e-21.44e-3001.26e-24.36e+000005.49e-302.96e-3
0.75 LF25AUB-Z3
IndicatorUnitA1-A3A4A5B1B2B3B4B5B6B7C1C2C3C4
GWP-totalkg CO2 eq2.26e+12.40e-11.03e-1009.29e-16.46e+100004.02e-202.95e-2
GWP-totalkg CO2 eq2.23e+12.36e-18.58e-2008.88e-16.36e+100003.97e-202.89e-2
ODPkg CFC 11 eq1.70e-53.96e-91.76e-10001.67e-54.77e-500006.65e-1004.89e-10
APkg SO2 eq6.78e-11.29e-36.33e-5001.30e-31.90e+000002.16e-402.07e-4
EP-fwkg N eq5.16e-12.44e-44.65e-4001.71e-31.45e+000004.10e-506.85e-5
POCPkg O3 eq2.91e+03.60e-21.45e-3001.59e-28.29e+000006.04e-303.26e-3
1 LF25AUB-Z3
IndicatorUnitA1-A3A4A5B1B2B3B4B5B6B7C1C2C3C4
GWP-totalkg CO2 eq4.10e+13.45e-18.11e-2006.48e-11.16e+200006.30e-204.62e-2
GWP-totalkg CO2 eq4.03e+13.41e-16.76e-2006.10e-11.14e+200006.21e-204.53e-2
ODPkg CFC 11 eq2.11e-55.71e-91.38e-10001.47e-85.90e-500001.04e-907.65e-10
APkg SO2 eq9.98e-11.85e-34.99e-5002.11e-32.80e+000003.38e-403.24e-4
EP-fwkg N eq7.65e-13.52e-43.67e-4002.09e-32.14e+000006.43e-501.07e-4
POCPkg O3 eq4.60e+05.18e-21.15e-3002.82e-21.31e+100009.46e-305.10e-3
1.25 LF25AUB-Z3
IndicatorUnitA1-A3A4A5B1B2B3B4B5B6B7C1C2C3C4
GWP-totalkg CO2 eq6.53e+16.26e-11.21e-1005.27e-11.85e+200001.16e-108.51e-2
GWP-totalkg CO2 eq6.42e+16.18e-11.01e-1004.93e-11.82e+200001.15e-108.36e-2
ODPkg CFC 11 eq1.07e-61.04e-82.07e-10001.03e-83.04e-600001.92e-901.41e-9
APkg SO2 eq1.54e+03.36e-37.44e-5001.75e-34.31e+000006.23e-405.98e-4
EP-fwkg N eq1.18e+06.39e-45.47e-4001.98e-33.30e+000001.19e-401.98e-4
POCPkg O3 eq7.12e+09.40e-21.71e-3002.34e-22.03e+100001.74e-209.40e-3
1.5 LF25AUB-Z3
IndicatorUnitA1-A3A4A5B1B2B3B4B5B6B7C1C2C3C4
GWP-totalkg CO2 eq6.81e+16.60e-11.21e-1007.66e-11.93e+200001.23e-109.01e-2
GWP-totalkg CO2 eq6.70e+16.51e-11.01e-1007.26e-11.90e+200001.21e-108.84e-2
ODPkg CFC 11 eq1.12e-61.09e-82.06e-10001.57e-83.19e-600002.03e-901.49e-9
APkg SO2 eq1.60e+03.54e-37.43e-5002.73e-34.50e+000006.59e-406.32e-4
EP-fwkg N eq1.23e+06.73e-45.46e-4002.53e-33.44e+000001.25e-402.09e-4
POCPkg O3 eq7.43e+09.91e-21.71e-3003.59e-22.12e+100001.85e-209.95e-3
2 LF25AUB-Z3
IndicatorUnitA1-A3A4A5B1B2B3B4B5B6B7C1C2C3C4
GWP-totalkg CO2 eq1.00e+29.42e-11.33e-1001.05e+02.85e+200001.79e-101.31e-1
GWP-totalkg CO2 eq9.88e+19.30e-11.11e-1001.01e+02.80e+200001.76e-101.29e-1
ODPkg CFC 11 eq1.66e-61.56e-82.26e-10002.07e-84.70e-600002.95e-902.17e-9
APkg SO2 eq2.34e+05.06e-38.16e-5004.04e-36.58e+000009.58e-409.19e-4
EP-fwkg N eq1.79e+09.62e-46.00e-4003.32e-35.03e+000001.82e-403.04e-4
POCPkg O3 eq1.09e+11.42e-11.87e-3005.21e-23.10e+100002.68e-201.45e-2

Resource Use Indicators

0.5 LF25AUB-Z3
IndicatorUnitA1-A3A4A5B1B2B3B4B5B6B7C1C2C3C4
PEREMJNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND
PERMMJNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND
PERTMJNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND
PENREMJNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND
PENRMMJNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND
PENRTMJNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND
RPREMJ4.04e+13.95e-22.82e-3001.41e+01.13e+200006.53e-302.30e-2
RPRMMJ00000000000000
RPRTMJ4.04e+13.95e-22.82e-3001.41e+01.13e+200006.53e-302.30e-2
NRPREMJ3.10e+23.32e+01.43e-1003.76e+08.81e+200005.50e-104.46e-1
NRPRMMJ1.73e+0000004.84e+00000000
NRPRTMJ3.12e+23.32e+01.43e-1003.76e+08.86e+200005.50e-104.46e-1
ADP-fossilMJ2.73e+14.38e-11.82e-2004.21e-17.80e+100007.26e-204.53e-2
SMkg00000000000000
RSFMJ00000000000000
NRSFMJ00000000000000
FWm34.36e-4000001.22e-30000000
0.75 LF25AUB-Z3
IndicatorUnitA1-A3A4A5B1B2B3B4B5B6B7C1C2C3C4
PEREMJNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND
PERMMJNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND
PERTMJNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND
PENREMJNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND
PENRMMJNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND
PENRTMJNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND
RPREMJ5.92e+14.28e-22.85e-3001.57e+01.66e+200007.19e-302.53e-2
RPRMMJ00000000000000
RPRTMJ5.92e+14.28e-22.85e-3001.57e+01.66e+200007.19e-302.53e-2
NRPREMJ3.55e+23.60e+01.45e-1003.38e+01.01e+300006.05e-104.90e-1
NRPRMMJ1.90e+0000005.32e+00000000
NRPRTMJ3.57e+23.60e+01.45e-1003.38e+01.01e+300006.05e-104.90e-1
ADP-fossilMJ3.07e+14.75e-11.84e-2003.12e-18.78e+100007.98e-204.98e-2
SMkg00000000000000
RSFMJ00000000000000
NRSFMJ00000000000000
FWm34.80e-4000001.34e-30000000
1.0 LF25AUB-Z3
IndicatorUnitA1-A3A4A5B1B2B3B4B5B6B7C1C2C3C4
PEREMJNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND
PERMMJNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND
PERTMJNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND
PENREMJNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND
PENRMMJNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND
PENRTMJNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND
RPREMJ9.49e+16.17e-22.25e-3001.74e+02.66e+200001.13e-203.96e-2
RPRMMJ00000000000000
RPRTMJ9.49e+16.17e-22.25e-3001.74e+02.66e+200001.13e-203.96e-2
NRPREMJ6.43e+25.20e+01.14e-1001.20e+11.82e+300009.48e-107.68e-1
NRPRMMJ2.98e+0000008.33e+00000000
NRPRTMJ6.46e+25.20e+01.14e-1001.20e+11.83e+300009.48e-107.68e-1
ADP-fossilMJ5.49e+16.85e-11.45e-2001.42e+01.56e+200001.25e-107.80e-2
SMkg00000000000000
RSFMJ00000000000000
NRSFMJ00000000000000
FWm37.52e-4000002.11e-30000000
1.25 LF25AUB-Z3
IndicatorUnitA1-A3A4A5B1B2B3B4B5B6B7C1C2C3C4
PEREMJNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND
PERMMJNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND
PERTMJNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND
PENREMJNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND
PENRMMJNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND
PENRTMJNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND
RPREMJ1.53e+21.12e-13.36e-3001.88e+04.29e+200002.08e-207.30e-2
RPRMMJ00000000000000
RPRTMJ1.53e+21.12e-13.36e-3001.88e+04.29e+200002.08e-207.30e-2
NRPREMJ1.05e+39.42e+01.71e-1006.06e+02.98e+300001.75e+001.42e+0
NRPRMMJ5.49e+0000001.54e+10000000
NRPRTMJ1.06e+39.42e+01.71e-1006.06e+03.00e+300001.75e+001.42e+0
ADP-fossilMJ9.05e+11.24e+02.16e-2005.86e-12.58e+200002.31e-101.44e-1
SMkg00000000000000
RSFMJ00000000000000
NRSFMJ00000000000000
FWm31.39e-3000003.88e-30000000
1.5 LF25AUB-Z3
IndicatorUnitA1-A3A4A5B1B2B3B4B5B6B7C1C2C3C4
PEREMJNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND
PERMMJNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND
PERTMJNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND
PENREMJNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND
PENRMMJNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND
PENRTMJNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND
RPREMJ1.60e+21.18e-13.35e-3002.17e+04.48e+200002.20e-207.73e-2
RPRMMJ00000000000000
RPRTMJ1.60e+21.18e-13.35e-3002.17e+04.48e+200002.20e-207.73e-2
NRPREMJ1.10e+39.93e+01.70e-1001.21e+13.13e+300001.85e+001.50e+0
NRPRMMJ5.81e+0000001.63e+10000000
NRPRTMJ1.11e+39.93e+01.70e-1001.21e+13.14e+300001.85e+001.50e+0
ADP-fossilMJ9.55e+11.31e+02.16e-2001.30e+02.72e+200002.44e-101.52e-1
SMkg00000000000000
RSFMJ00000000000000
NRSFMJ00000000000000
FWm31.47e-3000004.11e-30000000
2.0 LF25AUB-Z3
IndicatorUnitA1-A3A4A5B1B2B3B4B5B6B7C1C2C3C4
PEREMJNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND
PERMMJNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND
PERTMJNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND
PENREMJNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND
PENRMMJNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND
PENRTMJNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND
RPREMJ2.33e+21.68e-13.68e-3002.76e+06.52e+200003.19e-201.12e-1
RPRMMJ00000000000000
RPRTMJ2.33e+21.68e-13.68e-3002.76e+06.52e+200003.19e-201.12e-1
NRPREMJ1.63e+31.42e+11.87e-1001.72e+14.62e+300002.69e+002.18e+0
NRPRMMJ8.44e+0000002.36e+10000000
NRPRTMJ1.64e+31.42e+11.87e-1001.72e+14.64e+300002.69e+002.18e+0
ADP-fossilMJ1.41e+21.87e+02.37e-2001.78e+04.02e+200003.54e-102.21e-1
SMkg00000000000000
RSFMJ00000000000000
NRSFMJ00000000000000
FWm32.13e-3000005.97e-30000000

Waste and Output Flow Indicators

0.5 LF25AUB-Z3
IndicatorUnitA1-A3A4A5B1B2B3B4B5B6B7C1C2C3C4
HWDkg3.90e-1000001.09e+00000000
NHWDkg3.72e-2000001.04e-10000000
RWDkgNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND
HLRWkg00000000000000
ILLRWkg00000000000000
CRUkg00000000000000
MFRkg3.49e-1000009.78e-10000000
MERkg00000000000000
MNERkgNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND
EEEMJ00000000000000
EETMJNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND
0.75 LF25AUB-Z3
IndicatorUnitA1-A3A4A5B1B2B3B4B5B6B7C1C2C3C4
HWDkg4.29e-1000001.20e+00000000
NHWDkg4.09e-2000001.15e-10000000
RWDkgNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND
HLRWkg00000000000000
ILLRWkg00000000000000
CRUkg00000000000000
MFRkg4.92e-1000001.38e+00000000
MERkg00000000000000
MNERkgNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND
EEEMJ00000000000000
EETMJNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND
1.0 LF25AUB-Z3
IndicatorUnitA1-A3A4A5B1B2B3B4B5B6B7C1C2C3C4
HWDkg6.72e-1000001.88e+00000000
NHWDkg6.41e-2000001.79e-10000000
RWDkgNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND
HLRWkg00000000000000
ILLRWkg00000000000000
CRUkg00000000000000
MFRkg1.04e+0000002.92e+00000000
MERkg00000000000000
MNERkgNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND
EEEMJ00000000000000
EETMJNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND
1.25 LF25AUB-Z3
IndicatorUnitA1-A3A4A5B1B2B3B4B5B6B7C1C2C3C4
HWDkg1.24e+0000003.47e+00000000
NHWDkg1.18e-1000003.31e-10000000
RWDkgNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND
HLRWkg00000000000000
ILLRWkg00000000000000
CRUkg00000000000000
MFRkg6.88e-1000001.93e+00000000
MERkg00000000000000
MNERkgNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND
EEEMJ00000000000000
EETMJNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND
1.5 LF25AUB-Z3
IndicatorUnitA1-A3A4A5B1B2B3B4B5B6B7C1C2C3C4
HWDkg1.31e+0000003.67e+00000000
NHWDkg1.25e-1000003.50e-10000000
RWDkgNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND
HLRWkg00000000000000
ILLRWkg00000000000000
CRUkg00000000000000
MFRkg6.12e-1000001.71e+00000000
MERkg00000000000000
MNERkgNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND
EEEMJ00000000000000
EETMJNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND
2.0 LF25AUB-Z3
IndicatorUnitA1-A3A4A5B1B2B3B4B5B6B7C1C2C3C4
HWDkg1.91e+0000005.34e+00000000
NHWDkg1.82e-1000005.08e-10000000
RWDkgNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND
HLRWkg00000000000000
ILLRWkg00000000000000
CRUkg00000000000000
MFRkg6.30e-1000001.76e+00000000
MERkg00000000000000
MNERkgNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND
EEEMJ00000000000000
EETMJNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND

Carbon Emissions and Removals

0.5 LF25AUB-Z3
IndicatorUnitA1-A3A4A5B1B2B3B4B5B6B7C1C2C3C4
BCRPkg CO200000000000000
BCEPkg CO200000000000000
BCRKkg CO2-4.50e-10000-1.74e-1-1.26e+00000000
BCEKkg CO2005.07e-1004.35e-21.42e+00000000
BCEWkg CO200000000000000
CCEkg CO200000000000000
CCRkg CO200000000000000
CWNRkg CO200000000000000
0.75 LF25AUB-Z3
IndicatorUnitA1-A3A4A5B1B2B3B4B5B6B7C1C2C3C4
BCRPkg CO200000000000000
BCEPkg CO200000000000000
BCRKkg CO2-4.55e-10000-1.74e-1-1.27e+00000000
BCEKkg CO2005.13e-1004.35e-21.44e+00000000
BCEWkg CO200000000000000
CCEkg CO200000000000000
CCRkg CO200000000000000
CWNRkg CO200000000000000
1.0 LF25AUB-Z3
IndicatorUnitA1-A3A4A5B1B2B3B4B5B6B7C1C2C3C4
BCRPkg CO200000000000000
BCEPkg CO200000000000000
BCRKkg CO2-3.59e-10000-1.74e-1-1.00e+00000000
BCEKkg CO2004.04e-1004.35e-21.13e+00000000
BCEWkg CO200000000000000
CCEkg CO200000000000000
CCRkg CO200000000000000
CWNRkg CO200000000000000
1.25 LF25AUB-Z3
IndicatorUnitA1-A3A4A5B1B2B3B4B5B6B7C1C2C3C4
BCRPkg CO200000000000000
BCEPkg CO200000000000000
BCRKkg CO2-5.36e-10000-1.74e-1-1.50e+00000000
BCEKkg CO2006.03e-1004.35e-21.69e+00000000
BCEWkg CO200000000000000
CCEkg CO200000000000000
CCRkg CO200000000000000
CWNRkg CO200000000000000
1.5 LF25AUB-Z3
IndicatorUnitA1-A3A4A5B1B2B3B4B5B6B7C1C2C3C4
BCRPkg CO200000000000000
BCEPkg CO200000000000000
BCRKkg CO2-5.35e-10000-1.74e-1-1.50e+00000000
BCEKkg CO2006.02e-1004.35e-21.69e+00000000
BCEWkg CO200000000000000
CCEkg CO200000000000000
CCRkg CO200000000000000
CWNRkg CO200000000000000
2.0 LF25AUB-Z3
IndicatorUnitA1-A3A4A5B1B2B3B4B5B6B7C1C2C3C4
BCRPkg CO200000000000000
BCEPkg CO200000000000000
BCRKkg CO2-5.87e-10000-1.74e-1-1.64e+00000000
BCEKkg CO2006.61e-1004.35e-21.85e+00000000
BCEWkg CO200000000000000
CCEkg CO200000000000000
CCRkg CO200000000000000
CWNRkg CO200000000000000

ND = not declared. Life cycle modules: A1-A3 product stage, A4-A5 construction process, B use stage, C end of life, D benefits and loads beyond the system boundary.

Material composition

Product composition
Material/Component CategoryOrigin% Mass
Body_BronzeUS45-48
Spring Cage_BronzeUS13-18
Hex Screw_Stainless SteelCN2-7
Nut_BrassCN3-8
Spring_Stainless SteelUS2-3
Tailpiece_BrassCN3
Rivet_BrassUS0-2
Disc Holder_BrassCN2-2
Plug_BrassCN2-6
Plug_BronzeCN2-2
Bushing_AcetalUS0-2
Screw_Stainless SteelTH0-2
Paint_AcrylicUS0-1
Plate_SteelUS1-1
Strainer_Stainless SteelUS1
Washer_SteelUS1
Washer_SteelUS0-1
Nut_SteelCN0-1
Seat Rng_Stainless SteelUS0-1
Spring Washer_BrassUS0-1
Oring_EPDMUS0-1
Packaging
Packaging materialOriginMass (kg)
PaperGLO0.32
Biogenic carbon
Biogenic carbon contentkg C per unit
Biogenic carbon content in product0
Biogenic carbon content in accompanying packaging0.18

Hazardous substances

No regulated hazardous or dangerous substances are included in this product.

Scenarios

Transport to the building site (A4)

Fuel type
Diesel
Vehicle type
16-32 metric ton, EURO3 Truck
Transport distance
2700 km
Capacity utilization
37%
Weight of products transported
6.08 kg
Packaging mass
0.32 kg

End of life (C1-C4)

Collected separately
5.76 kg
Landfill
5.76 kg

Product description

Pressure Reducing Valves are designed to reduce incoming water or steam pressure to a safer constant predetermined downstream level. This 3/4 inch lead free brass water pressure reducing valve is designed to reduce incoming water pressure to protect plumbing systems and reduce water consumption for commercial, industrial, and residential applications. The easy maintenance assembly consists of a replaceable seat module, NPT threaded female union inlet by NPT female outlet and a bypass feature to control thermal expansion pressure.

Interpretation

The analysis of Watts valve products provides useful insights regarding the cradle-to-grave environmental impacts. The LCA results also identify where substantial impacts are occurring to allow further process and materials improvements to be implemented by Watts. The cradle-to-grave impacts for all products are dominated by the B4 replacement phase as ~2.8 declared units are needed to reach the 75 year building lifespan per the PCR requirement. This stage typically accounts for ~70% of the impacts throughout the products' lifecycle. After this the second largest contributor is the A1 Raw Materials Extraction and Processing stage. This stage accounts for ~10-20% of the lifecycle impacts. The A3 Manufacturing stage accounts for 5-10% of the impacts, with the other stages accounting for <1%.

Related EPDs

More EPDs from Watts

LCIA results are relative expressions and do not predict impacts on category endpoints, the exceeding of thresholds, safety margins or risks. EPDs are comparable only when they follow the same PCR, functional unit and system boundary. The full EPD (PDF) contains the methodology, scenario assumptions and verification statement.